The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) is a government worker union representing schoolteachers in New York City. It is an affiliate of the national American Federation of Teachers labor union as AFT Local 2 and the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) and is one of the largest local unions in the nation. ¹

Since the UFT’s rise to prominence in the mid-20^th century, it has become among the largest and most well-known teachers’ unions in America. The union represents over 120,000 active and 70,000 retired members ¹ and is the monopoly bargaining option for the majority of non-supervisor educators and school workers in New York City, including teachers, classroom aides, school administrative workers, counselors, and school nurses. The union has dozens of chapters representing varying subsets of school employees and also operates the nurses’ union Federation of Nurses/UFT as one of its chapters ²

The union’s influence on schooling policy in New York City and state is substantial; the union, its political committees, and the New York State United Teachers state-level federation of which it is a part are one of the largest contributors to the city’s and state’s dominant Democratic Party. ³ The union’s 1968 strike wave unmade a Ford Foundation-endorsed plan by then-New York City Mayor John Lindsay to increase neighborhood control of city schools;⁴ the union has secured several legal benefits with the result that “New York City lacks control of its teacher workforce.” ³

History

Early Years

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) traces its history to 1912, when Henry Linville, a biology teacher at Jamaica High School in Queens began publishing a journal titled The American Teacher. Soon, Linville and his colleagues would organize a labor union, the Teachers League. The Teachers League would help found the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). ⁵ AFT is, as of 2025, the second-largest national teachers union and has retained a close alignment with the UFT, with three of its most recent four national leaders having previously or concurrently led the New York City union. ⁶⁷⁸

For nearly 40 years, the union was unable to attract significant membership among New York City teachers and was opposed by city leadership. By 1935, the Teachers League had been renamed the Teachers Union and was caught in a generational standoff between older, more traditional progressive teachers and younger Communist sympathizers. In 1935, the “old-guard” progressive teachers, who by that point were completely “convinced that the radicals were directly linked to Moscow” left and formed the “Teachers Guild,” which would eventually become the modern UFT. ⁵

The catalyst that ultimately founded the modern-day UFT was a longstanding rivalry between high school teachers, whose ranks skewed towards male advanced-degree holders and who were higher paid, and elementary and middle-school teachers who were more likely to be women and often only possessed a bachelor’s degree. In 1947, the New York State Legislature removed a 25 percent high school pay differential that caused more rivalry between the Teachers Guild and the smaller High School Teachers Association. Finally, after many years of infighting, a compromise to make pay based on merit and degrees obtained and not simply the level at which one taught led the HSTA and the Teachers Guild to merge in 1960 and form the UFT. ⁵

Adoption of Collective Bargaining and the Rise of Al Shanker

In 1959, New York Mayor Robert Wagner, Jr. (D), the son of U.S. Senator Robert Wagner (D-NY) best known for sponsoring the National Labor Relations Act in the 1930s,⁹ granted municipal worker unions including the UFT the power to bargain collectively with the government. After Mayor Wagner’s order, the union demanded pay increases, work-free lunch periods, and automatic payroll deduction of dues; it called a strike in 1962 after the city balked at the demands. Despite the strike being illegal, the union “won big pay increases and other workplace rule changes.” ³

The 1962 strike was led by Al Shanker, the son of Socialist-aligned Russian Jewish parents and a former math teacher who would earn a reputation as “a fighter more than a thinker” for his battles with city-level and national education policy rivals and collective bargaining counterparts. ⁶ Shanker had edited the newspaper of the Teachers Guild and rose to become secretary of the merged UFT; the UFT elected him president in 1964. ⁶

1968 Strike Wave

An effort by Mayor John Lindsay, at the time a liberal Republican but who would later seek the Presidency as a Democrat, to decentralize control of schools in New York led to a series of UFT strikes that strained relations between African American and Puerto Rican-diaspora communities in the city and Jewish and white-ethnic communities. Lindsay, with support from McGeorge Bundy of the Ford Foundation, had proposed “that the school system be broken up into a ‘community school system, consisting of a federation of school districts and a central education agency.’”¹⁰

African American community leadership had responded to poor conditions and performance in New York City public schools by demanding “community control” of schools, under which neighborhood-level panels would set curriculum standards, establish budgets, and (crucially for the conflict with the teachers’ union) hire staff. The Lindsay administration agreed to trial a limited form of community control on the lines set out by the Ford Foundation in three parts of New York, most notably Ocean Hill-Brownsville, a formerly Jewish-majority neighborhood that by 1968 was 95 percent Black or Puerto Rican. ¹⁰

The Ocean Hill-Brownsville experiment was financially supported by the Ford Foundation. ⁴ A local board was elected in 1967 and chose Black-radical educator Rhody McCoy to manage the new district; while Shanker and the UFT initially tried to work with the decentralization plan, disputes over hiring-and-firing powers would lead to conflict. In May 1968, the local board ordered 19 educators, all of whom were UFT members and the majority of whom were Jewish, to be terminated from employment. Shanker threatened a citywide strike if the Ocean Hill-Brownsville board did not reinstate them; despite an arbitrator’s order, the board did not. ¹⁰

In response, the UFT walked out three times for a total of 55 days from September through mid-November 1968.⁶ The strike was marked with vitriolic rhetoric, with supporters of the Ocean Hill-Brownsville board resorting to anti-Semitic pamphleteering and sloganeering¹⁰ and UFT leadership comparing the firing of the teachers to Nazism. ⁶

Shanker’s gambit proved successful; Mayor Lindsay ordered the teachers reinstated and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville board placed under state oversight. In 1969, the state legislature passed a school decentralization law that the UFT supported that created 30 smaller “community districts” subordinate to a city-wide Board of Education;¹⁰ the UFT took advantage of the low turnout in community district elections to become the “strongest force in decentralization” under the 1969 law. ⁶

Power and Politics

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) has an active Political Action Department, which campaigns for left-leaning and pro-labor union policies in New York City, New York state, and nationally. The union’s influence over education policy in New York is extensive; in the 1990s, the New York Times quoted education reform campaigners as saying that “There is no piece of education legislation in this state that passes without the UFT.” ¹¹

New York City’s government worker collective bargaining practices essentially gives the UFT “two bites at the apple”; to the extent its substantial political operations are successful, they place UFT “on both sides of the bargaining table.” According to Manhattan Institute fellow and City College of New York professor Daniel DiSalvo, the effect of this is that “negotiated outcomes favor the UFT over time.” ³

In DiSalvo’s assessment, “no group in New York City can rival the UFT’s manpower and money” in New York City politics. Further, “The UFT’s membership constitutes the largest single voting bloc in mayoral elections. And because teachers and school paraprofessionals live in all parts of the city, they can be decisive in low-turnout city council races.” ³

The New York State Democratic Party and the UFT are very closely aligned; at one point, the State Senate Democratic Campaign Committee was provided office space by the union. Then-UFT (now AFT) union president Randi Weingarten co-chaired the 2000 U.S. Senate campaign of then-First Lady Hillary Clinton. As of 2014, the UFT and its state-level federation NYSUT were the largest source of funds to the Democratic Party in New York. ³ UFT is also a substantial funder of left-progressive advocacy groups; in 2018-2019, the union reported funding the NAACP, Al Sharpton’s National Action Network, Alliance for a Greater New York, and the Hispanic Federation. ¹²

The union faced limited setbacks during the mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg, a liberal Republican-turned-Independent who would later run for President as a Democrat. Bloomberg re-centralized control of schools in the mayor’s office and later, spurred by revelations from city council hearings called by then-New York Councilor (later charter school executive and activist) Eva Moskowitz (D-Manhattan), secured minor changes to the “rubber room” disciplinary processes and teacher tenure rules that the UFT had negotiated as well as expanded charter schools in exchange for substantial increases in salaries. ³

The union opposed the candidacy of New York City Mayor Eric Adams (D) in the 2021 Democratic primary. The union “put out an election guide urging voters not to check Eric Adams’ name on their ballots. Adams had supported charter schools, a non-starter for the union.” Early in the Adams administration however, Politico reported that Adams and UFT president Michael Mulgrew “have had a surprisingly chummy rapport, with the mayor even dubbing Mulgrew a “hero” and “modern day Paul Revere” for airing concerns about Covid-19 in schools.” ¹³

In late 2023, the union filed a lawsuit against Adams to block cuts to education funding, challenging his cost projection for providing migrant services. ¹⁴

Legislative Priorities

Legislative priorities of the United Federation of Teachers (UFT) include major left-leaning issues including supporting state bills such as the Reproductive Rights Act, which expanded abortion availability and lifted certain restrictions on the practice, and the Jose Peralta New York State DREAM Act. The union touted 2019 as “the most progressive legislative session in decades” and expressed that “This was government at its best.” ¹⁵

The UFT similarly attacked the first Trump administration‘s policies like capping the state and local tax deduction in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, a change that increased the exposure of high-income taxpayers in high-tax jurisdictions like New York City to the full economic costs of their state and local tax burdens. On other taxation issues the UFT is supportive of substantial tax increases, including wealth taxes. The UFT is a critic of Trump administration Education Secretary Betsy DeVos and her support of school choice; the union opposes charter schools and supports legislation to close most charter schools. ¹⁵

In 2024, the union published state and city legislative priorities that center around increasing school funding and teacher pay and benefits as well as policies to limit the expansion of charter schools and curtail the influence of the New York City Mayor’s office on the city’s school system. ¹⁶

The union stated that the current model of mayoral control of public schools “is enabling the city to subvert the mandate of this legislature to reduce class sizes” and called on the legislature to enact several changes to the school system governance structure to reduce the mayor’s influence on school relocation, administrator hiring, and “requiring NYC to meet the minimum annual per-pupil, instructional and DOE funding amounts.” ¹⁶

To raise new revenue for schools the union has called for drastic tax increases including raising taxes on companies with other $2.5 million in profits, instituting a capital gains tax, raising the state income tax, and establishing a tax on billionaire wealth. ¹⁶

Other state legislative priorities include increasing charter school oversight and limiting their expansion, funding a housing voucher program, and lowering some teachers’ retirement age to 55. ¹⁶

At the New York City level, the union opposed the city’s 2024 budget stating that it reduced school funding by $1.2 billion, and stated that the proposed capital plan “cuts $2B for new school capacity, reduces the number of new classroom seats by nearly 50 percent, and omits proposed locations or grade levels for 78 percent of projects, a lack of transparency that violates the class size law.” The union also called for $8.6 million in funding for its UFT Teacher Center, which has 170 sites across the city and support for an anti-bullying hotline and a homework help hotline. ¹⁶

The union opposed a proposed casino in Times Square in 2024, with UFT President Michael Mulgrew stating that “[A casino] would undermine the Theater District and dilute the distinctive power of Broadway, an industry that offers unique educational and career opportunities for our students.” The UFT joined the No Times Square Casino Coalition, which included the Broadway League and 30 other neighborhood and Broadway industry groups. ¹⁷

Mulgrew said the Broadway League, the trade association for 700 theater owners, operators and producers, contacted him about joining the opposition, and he agreed it was the wrong location for a casino. ¹⁷

2024 Election

During the 2024 election cycle, the United Federation of Teachers (UFT) echoed the endorsements of New York State United Teachers (NYSUT) and the American Federation of Teachers and supported then-Vice President Kamala Harris’s campaign for president. The group stated that NYSUT President Melinda Person, acting in her capacity as an AFT vice president, “made a historic motion during a special order of business to endorse Harris the day after President Joe Biden stepped out of the race.” ^{18 19}

NYSUT also held a 2024 election bus tour called “Common Ground Over Chaos” which stated, “We are New York state’s teachers, and we’re calling for a return to politics where democracy, compromise and healthy debate are valued once again… just like we teach our students in the classroom.” ²⁰

NYSUT also endorsed candidates for congressional and state legislative seats in New York in 2024, endorsing almost exclusively Democrats such as Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) and Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY). ²¹

Congestion Pricing

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) opposes New York City’s congestion pricing toll system, arguing that “some of its educators drive from the outer boroughs to Manhattan schools in the congestion zone, and they will be among the hardest hit by the toll.” The union sued Staten Island, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx trying to stop congestion pricing. ²²

The city has countered that the tolls fund and encourage the use of public transit. Environmentalists criticized the union for its stance on congestion pricing. One opinion writer stated, “I was shocked to learn that Michael Mulgrew, the president of my union, the United Federation of Teachers, recently joined the Trump-supporting borough president of Staten Island’s lawsuit to stop this potentially transformative plan…We wonder how the leader of a union of college graduates could engage in this sort of simplistic populism. Instead of explaining the benefits of the plan to members who might not appreciate its importance, he decided to cater to their ignorance or worst instincts.” ²³

Adams Administration Medicare Plan

In 2024, the United Federation of Teachers (UFT) withdrew support for Mayor Eric Adams’ administration’s attempt to switch municipal retirees to a cost-saving private health plan. UFT President Michael Mulgrew said the union also would no longer back ongoing negotiations for a new benefits plan for current city employees and pre-Medicare retirees. ²⁴

Chapters

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) operates several chapters that span numerous classes of school employees. UFT chapters include:²⁵

• Administrative Education Officers & Analysts
• Adult Education
• Attendance Teachers
• Audiologists
• Charter Schools
• Directors of Alcohol & Substance Abuse Programs
• Education Officers & Analysts
• Hearing Education Services
• Home Instruction
• Hospital Schools
• Lab Specialists
• Living for the Young Family (LYFE)
• Nonpublic Schools
• Occupational & Physical Therapists
• Paraprofessionals
• Re-Start Program
• Retired Teachers
• School Chapter Leaders
• School Counselors
• School Nurses
• School Secretaries
• Sign Language Interpreters
• Social Workers & Psychologists
• Speech Improvement
• Supervisors of Nurses & Therapists
• Teachers Assigned
• Vision Education Services
• ADAPT Community Network
• Birch Family Services
• Block Institute
• Bright Horizons
• Consortium for Worker Education
• Family Child Care Providers
• Federation of Nurses/UFT
• Lincoln Center Education
• Little Red School House
• Lorge School
• Stanley S. Lamm Preschool
• Hearing Officers (Per Session)
• Supervisors of School Security

The UFT also operates the Federation of Nurses/UFT, a nurses’ union that is among the largest health care workers’ unions in New York City. The union represents Registered Nurses and Licensed Practical Nurses at two private hospitals in New York City, and majority of its membership is made up of home healthcare nurses. The union dates to 1979, when union leaders at the Lutheran Medical Center disaffiliated with the New York State Nurses’ Association and chose the UFT as their bargaining agent. The union added nurses at several other health care organizations to its ranks over the years and currently claims membership of roughly 5,000 nurses. In term of members at each healthcare organization, the union website claims “700 registered nurses at Brooklyn’s NYU Lutheran Medical Center (NYULMC), 300 registered nurses at Staten Island University Hospital’s (SIUH) South Site and approximately 10 registered nurses at NYU Lutheran Augustana. In home healthcare, we represent about 2200 registered nurses and licensed practical nurses at the Visiting Nurse Service (VNS) and 50 RNs at Jewish Home Healthcare (JHH). We also represent several hundred healthcare professionals at Guildnet.” ²⁶

UFT Welfare Fund

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) Welfare Fund was founded in 1965 and provides access to health care and benefits to eligible UFT members and their dependents. The welfare fund is a standalone nonprofit organization that generates $412 million in annual revenue. ²⁷

People

Michael Mulgrew

Michael Mulgrew is the president of the United Federation of Teachers and a vice president of the national American Federation of Teachers with which UFT is affiliated and a member of the board of NYSUT, UFT’s state federation. ²⁸ Mulgrew faced criticism for an alleged affair with a school guidance counselor and later UFT employee whom he later married. ²⁹

Randi Weingarten

Randi Weingarten is a former UFT president, serving from 1998 to 2008, and is the president of the UFT’s parent organization, the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) as of 2025. Weingarten is described as the “hand-picked successor of the hand-picked successor of Albert Shanker.” She is often accused by union members of using her political clout to block reforms and is further described as focusing heavily on politics and lobbying. ³⁰

In 1986, then-United Federation of Teachers president Sandra Feldman recruited Weingarten from a law firm job to serve as her aide and as counsel to the United Federation of Teachers, taking a lead role in contract negotiations and union lawsuits. In addition to her work for the UFT, Weingarten got a teaching certification and began teaching at Clara Barton High School in Brooklyn for six years, from 1991 to 1997. She was only “full-time for half of that period.” Weingarten was elected assistant secretary of the UFT in 1995 and then treasurer in 1997. Weingarten was also elected vice president for the national American Federation of Teachers in 1997. In 1998, as departing UFT president Sandra Feldman’s hand-picked successor, Weingarten was appointed president of the union by the union’s executive board to serve the remainder of Feldman’s term. She subsequently won election to the office in 1999. Like her predecessors, Weingarten faced no serious opposition as head of the UFT. In 2007 she defeated an opponent with 86.2% of the vote. In July 2008, Weingarten was elected president of the AFT. Weingarten is also an active member of the Democratic National Committee, serving as a member at large. ³¹

When she left UFT to take over the presidency at the American Federation of Teachers, Weingarten was described as receiving a “golden parachute” payout of nearly $200,000 by cashing in unused sick time and vacation. The windfall of cash brought Weingarten’s total 2010 salary to approximately $600,000. The New York Post commented that “Not many companies allow employees to cash out unused vacation days; even fewer pay out unused sick time on top of that. But, obviously, the world of organized labor is different.” ³²

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